fix(认证): 原子更新登录限流并统一凭据校验耗时

将失败计数与过期时间放入同一 Redis 事务，避免永久锁定。
不存在的账号执行同成本哈希校验，登录测试强制读取环境口令。

backend/app/services/auth_service.py

@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # 攻击者据此无法判断某个用户名是否真实存在。
 INVALID_CREDENTIALS = "用户名或密码错误"
 
+# 与真实库哈希同算法、同轮次的假哈希。用户不存在时也执行一次校验，
+# 让两条失败路径耗时接近，避免响应时间暴露有效用户名。
+_DUMMY_PASSWORD_HASH = "$2b$12$T7f7tDu4ljCgkXigiJ0EHea3ik07F0Dqpv2B1rlUF1FljlylH68Um"
+
 
 def _record(
     session: Session,
@@ -103,7 +107,10 @@ def login(
 
     # ---- 3. 凭据校验 ----
     user = user_repository.get_by_username(session, username)
-    if user is None or not verify_password(password, user.password):
+    credentials_ok = verify_password(
+        password, user.password if user is not None else _DUMMY_PASSWORD_HASH
+    )
+    if user is None or not credentials_ok:
         login_limiter.record_failure(username)
         _record(
             session,

backend/app/services/login_limiter.py

@@ -43,10 +43,13 @@ def record_failure(username: str) -> int:
     正好给撞库留出缝隙。
     """
     key = _key(username)
-    redis = get_redis()
+    # INCR 和 EXPIRE 必须同事务提交。否则两步之间断连会留下无 TTL 的计数，
-    count = int(redis.incr(key))
+    # 该用户随后会被永久锁定；pipeline(transaction=True) 用 MULTI/EXEC 原子生效。
-    redis.expire(key, get_settings().login_lock_minutes * 60)
+    pipe = get_redis().pipeline(transaction=True)
-    return count
+    pipe.incr(key)
+    pipe.expire(key, get_settings().login_lock_minutes * 60)
+    count, _ = pipe.execute()
+    return int(count)
 
 
 def clear(username: str) -> None:

backend/tests/unit/test_auth_credentials.py

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+"""不存在的账号仍做哈希校验，但永远不能通过登录。"""
+
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from unittest.mock import Mock
+
+import pytest
+
+from app.core.exceptions import BadRequestError
+from app.services import auth_service
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("exists", [True, False])
+def test_凭据错误统一校验并记失败(monkeypatch, exists):
+    user = SimpleNamespace(id=1, password="stored-hash") if exists else None
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service.user_repository, "get_by_username", lambda *_: user)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service.login_limiter, "is_locked", lambda *_: False)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service.captcha_service, "verify_and_consume", lambda *_: True)
+    verify = Mock(return_value=False)
+    failure = Mock()
+    record = Mock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service, "verify_password", verify)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service.login_limiter, "record_failure", failure)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service, "_record", record)
+    with pytest.raises(BadRequestError, match=auth_service.INVALID_CREDENTIALS):
+        auth_service.login(
+            Mock(),
+            username="unknown",
+            password="wrong",
+            captcha_id="id",
+            captcha_code="ABCD",
+            ip=None,
+            user_agent=None,
+        )
+    verify.assert_called_once_with(
+        "wrong", user.password if user else auth_service._DUMMY_PASSWORD_HASH
+    )
+    failure.assert_called_once_with("unknown")
+    assert record.call_args.kwargs["success"] is False
+
+
+def test_输入匹配假哈希也不能登录(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service.user_repository, "get_by_username", lambda *_: None)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service.login_limiter, "is_locked", lambda *_: False)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service.captcha_service, "verify_and_consume", lambda *_: True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service, "verify_password", lambda *_: True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service.login_limiter, "record_failure", Mock())
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth_service, "_record", Mock())
+    with pytest.raises(BadRequestError, match=auth_service.INVALID_CREDENTIALS):
+        auth_service.login(
+            Mock(),
+            username="unknown",
+            password="dummy",
+            captcha_id="id",
+            captcha_code="ABCD",
+            ip=None,
+            user_agent=None,
+        )

backend/tests/unit/test_login_limiter.py

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 正好给慢速撞库留出缝隙。
 """
 
+import pytest
+
 from app.core.config import get_settings
 from app.core.constants import REDIS_KEY_LOGIN_FAIL
 from app.services import login_limiter
@@ -62,6 +64,24 @@ class TestSlidingWindow:
         assert _ttl("u") > 600
 
 
+class TestAtomicWrite:
+    """计数和 TTL 必须同事务生效。"""
+
+    def test_EXEC失败时不留下无TTL计数(self, fake_redis, monkeypatch) -> None:
+        key = REDIS_KEY_LOGIN_FAIL.format(username="u")
+
+        pipeline = fake_redis.pipeline(transaction=True)
+
+        def fail_execute():
+            raise RuntimeError("EXEC 失败")
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(pipeline, "execute", fail_execute)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(fake_redis, "pipeline", lambda **_: pipeline)
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="EXEC 失败"):
+            login_limiter.record_failure("u")
+        assert fake_redis.get(key) is None
+
+
 class TestClearAndRemaining:
     """解锁与剩余时长。"""
 

frontend/e2e/login_flow.py

@@ -38,9 +38,11 @@ from common import (
 )
 
 USERNAME = "admin"
-# 与 system_management 同一约定：开发库 admin 密码从环境变量传入（各库不同，
+# 与 system_management 同一约定：开发库 admin 密码只能从环境变量传入。
-# 硬编码会在他机上假绿为「凭据错误」），缺省保留历史默认值兜底本机老库
+# 不保留仓库内默认值，避免历史开发口令随代码扩散或在误用旧库时直接登录。
-PASSWORD = os.environ.get("E2E_ADMIN_PASSWORD", "Admin@2026")
+PASSWORD = os.environ.get("E2E_ADMIN_PASSWORD")
+if not PASSWORD:
+    raise SystemExit("请先设置 E2E_ADMIN_PASSWORD，脚本不再提供默认管理员密码")
 
 
 def run(page: Page) -> None: